International Journal of Social Health

Antibacterial Activity of Ethyl Acetate Fraction of Kersen Leaf (Muntingia Calabura L.) Towards Escherichia Coli Bacteria Growth

2026-02-06T21:41:37+00:00

Escherichia coli is one of the bacteria that can cause infection. The initial management of infection is through antibiotics; however, inappropriate use of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance. Therefore, alternative methods are needed to inhibit the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria. One possible alternative is the use of medicinal plants, such as kersen leaves, which contain flavonoids, tannins, and saponins as antibacterial compounds. This study analyzed the antibacterial activity of the ethyl acetate fraction of kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) leaves against Escherichia coli bacteria. This research employed a well-diffusion experimental design with a post-test only control group design. The study used seven groups: two control groups and five treatment groups. The treatment groups consisted of the ethyl acetate fraction of kersen leaves with concentrations of 1%, 10%, 30%, 50%, and 70%. The control groups included a positive control (K(+)) with ciprofloxacin and a negative control (K(–)) using 10% Dimethyl Sulfoxide (DMSO). Data were analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by the Mann–Whitney test. The largest average inhibition zone, showing a very strong inhibitory response, was found at a 70% concentration (26.9 mm). Strong inhibitory responses were observed at concentrations of 10% (10.5 mm), 30% (13.2 mm), and 50% (19.6 mm), while the smallest average inhibition zone, indicating a weak inhibitory response, was recorded at a 1% concentration (3.8 mm). The ethyl acetate fraction of kersen (Muntingia calabura L.) leaves demonstrated inhibition against the growth of Escherichia coli bacteria, with the highest inhibition level observed at a 70% concentration, producing an average inhibition zone of 26.9 mm.

Description of Characteristics, Lipid Profile, Blood Pressure, and Location of Bleeding in Hemorrhagic Stroke Patients at Waled Hospital for the Period of January-May 2024

2026-02-13T06:35:07+00:00

Hemorrhagic stroke is a bleeding condition caused by the rupture of an aneurysm that forms in a blood vessel in the brain. This aneurysm can develop due to several factors, including age, gender, hypertension, and lipid profile levels. Low cholesterol levels can damage the endothelium and cause necrosis, making blood vessels fragile and prone to rupture, which leads to bleeding. Conversely, high cholesterol levels can disrupt endothelial function, making blood vessels more susceptible to the formation of microaneurysms. This condition is further aggravated by hypertension, which can cause blood vessels to burst and result in bleeding. Hypertension and total cholesterol levels play a significant role in the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke. Meanwhile, there has been limited research examining the effects of LDL, HDL, and triglyceride levels on hemorrhagic stroke. This study aimed to describe the characteristics, lipid profiles, blood pressure, and bleeding locations of hemorrhagic stroke patients at Waled Hospital during January–May 2024. This research employed an observational descriptive method with a cross-sectional design. The study found that the most common age group affected was the elderly (30%), with no significant difference in frequency between genders. LDL levels were mostly within the normal range (40%), HDL levels were predominantly in the moderate category (50%), triglyceride levels were generally normal (70%), total cholesterol levels were largely normal (63%), and many patients suffered from grade 3 hypertension (60%). The most common bleeding site was the basal ganglia region (50%). In summary, the characteristics of hemorrhagic stroke patients were predominantly elderly, with no significant gender difference. Their lipid profile levels tended to be within normal ranges, many suffered from hypertension, and the bleeding location was most frequently found in the basal ganglia.

Correlation of Body Mass Index (BMI), Abdominal Circumference, Total Cholesterol and Random Blood Glucose With Severity of Hypertension in Watubelah Community Health Center

2026-02-06T21:45:11+00:00

The prevalence of hypertension in Indonesia is predicted to continue to increase. Among the risk factors that can lead to hypertension are metabolic diseases caused by obesity (increased BMI and abdominal circumference) and increased total cholesterol and blood glucose levels. This study aimed to determine the correlation of Body Mass Index (BMI), abdominal circumference, total cholesterol, and random blood glucose with the severity of hypertension at Posbindu Watubelah Health Center. This research was conducted at the working area of the Watubelah Health Center using a cross-sectional method. The total sample in this study was 117 respondents, obtained using primary data through a consecutive sampling method and analyzed using Spearman’s test and logistic regression. The results of the bivariate analysis showed a significant correlation between BMI (p 0.001; r 0.306), abdominal circumference (p 0.000; r 0.326), and total cholesterol (p 0.000; r 0.328) with hypertension. Meanwhile, random blood glucose did not show significant results with hypertension (p 0.197; r 0.120). Logistic regression analysis showed that total cholesterol was the most influential factor for hypertension (OR = 2.448; 95% CI = 1.350–4.440). Risk factors related to blood pressure are body mass index, abdominal circumference, and total cholesterol.

Acute Rheumatic Fever in Adult

2026-02-14T06:20:43+00:00

This research aims to review and synthesize current evidence regarding the epidemiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic challenges, and management strategies of acute rheumatic fever (ARF) in adult populations. The research employed a narrative literature review method by analyzing peer-reviewed articles, clinical guidelines, and authoritative reports obtained from PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus-indexed journals, WHO, and CDC publications published between 2015 and 2025. The findings indicate that ARF in adults presents distinct clinical characteristics compared to pediatric cases, with migratory polyarthritis being the most dominant manifestation and carditis frequently occurring in a subclinical form, leading to delayed diagnosis. The application of the revised 2015 Jones criteria has improved diagnostic accuracy, particularly in endemic regions; however, challenges remain in differentiating ARF from other inflammatory joint diseases and in maintaining adherence to long-term secondary prophylaxis. The discussion highlights that socioeconomic factors, limited healthcare access, and low compliance with benzathine penicillin G prophylaxis significantly contribute to the high burden of rheumatic heart disease in adults, especially in Indonesia. In conclusion, acute rheumatic fever in adults remains a clinically significant condition requiring heightened diagnostic awareness, consistent secondary prevention, and integrated public health strategies to prevent disease progression and reduce long-term cardiovascular complications.

Overview of the Level of Education and Knowledge of Mothers in Stunting Toddlers at Community Health Center Sendang Cirebon Regency

2026-02-06T21:45:22+00:00

Background: The prevalence of stunting worldwide has declined, but Indonesia still faces a major problem. The prevalence of stunting in Indonesia reached 21.6% in 2022, far from the WHO target, and two out of ten toddlers in West Java are affected. Factors such as education level, maternal knowledge, and environmental conditions influence the high number of stunting cases. Objectives: To describe the level of education and knowledge of mothers with stunted toddlers at the Sendang Health Center, Cirebon Regency. Methods: This study used a descriptive research design. The sample consisted of 65 mothers with stunted toddlers from the *Sendang* and *Gegunung* sub-districts, selected using cluster sampling. Results: The findings indicate that the majority of mothers who have stunted toddlers in the Sendang Health Center working area have a low level of education, with 44.6% of mothers having only graduated from elementary school. Mothers' knowledge about stunting is also relatively low, with 70.8% of mothers having insufficient knowledge. Therefore, the Sendang Health Center is expected to further enhance promotive and preventive efforts regarding the prevention and impact of stunting.