International Journal of Social Health

Applications of Artificial Intelligence for Facial Aesthetic Surgery: a Systematic Review

2026-09-29T07:33:48+00:00

Artificial intelligence (AI) offers opportunities to improve assessment, visualization, and communication in facial aesthetic surgery; however, its clinical reliability remains uncertain. This study aimed to synthesize contemporary evidence on AI applications, performance, methodological quality, and clinical relevance in facial aesthetic surgery. A systematic review conducted in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines searched PubMed/MEDLINE, SAGE Journals, ScienceDirect, EBSCO, Scopus, and Web of Science for English-language original studies published between January 2022 and August 2026. Eleven studies met the eligibility criteria and were included in the qualitative synthesis and risk-of-bias assessment using an adapted framework informed by the Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions (ROBINS-I) tool. AI applications included apparent-age estimation, automated facial morphometry, rhinoplasty simulation, patient counseling, and social media analysis. AI-based systems quantified postoperative changes in perceived age and facial morphology, generated realistic surgical visualizations, and provided comprehensible patient education responses. However, visual realism did not establish patient-specific predictive accuracy, and improvements in computational performance did not necessarily translate into greater patient satisfaction or psychosocial benefits. Six studies raised some concerns regarding risk of bias, while five were judged to have a high risk of bias. Methodological heterogeneity, limited external validation, proprietary algorithms, and potential demographic biases limited the interpretation and generalizability of the findings. AI represents a promising adjunct to facial aesthetic surgery; however, prospective multicenter validation, transparent reporting, demographically diverse datasets, and patient-centered outcome assessment are needed before routine clinical integration can be recommended with confidence.

Risk Factors for Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Literature Review

2026-10-08T07:48:38+00:00

The incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer (EOCRC) among individuals younger than 50 years has continued to increase, although its underlying etiological factors remain incompletely understood. This study aimed to identify the most consistently reported risk factors for EOCRC and examine their interrelationships based on current scientific evidence. A systematic literature review was conducted involving 27 primary research articles published between 2021 and 2026. The literature search and study selection followed the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) 2020 guidelines. Methodological quality was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) critical appraisal tools, and thematic relationships were mapped using VOSviewer. The findings identified four major categories of EOCRC risk factors. The first category comprised general and abdominal obesity, metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes mellitus, hyperglycemia, hypertriglyceridemia, hypertension, and inflammatory bowel disease. The second category included alcohol consumption, sugar-sweetened beverage intake, proinflammatory and hyperinsulinemic dietary patterns, smoking, and sedentary behavior, while vitamin D intake was associated with a potentially protective effect. The third category involved antibiotic exposure, with associations varying according to age at exposure, duration of use, antibiotic spectrum, and tumor subsite. The fourth category encompassed family history, polygenic risk scores, genetic variants, accelerated biological aging, and birth-related and parental characteristics. VOSviewer analysis identified ten clusters highlighting interrelationships among metabolic, lifestyle, microbiome-related, genetic, and early-life factors. The review concluded that obesity, metabolic disorders, inflammatory bowel disease, unhealthy dietary patterns, and family history were the most consistently reported risk factors for EOCRC, whereas associations involving antibiotic exposure and birth-related characteristics warranted further targeted investigation.