Description of Characteristics, Lipid Profile, Blood Pressure, and Location of Bleeding in Hemorrhagic Stroke Patients at Waled Hospital for the Period of January-May 2024
Main Article Content
Hemorrhagic stroke is a bleeding condition caused by the rupture of an aneurysm that forms in a blood vessel in the brain. This aneurysm can develop due to several factors, including age, gender, hypertension, and lipid profile levels. Low cholesterol levels can damage the endothelium and cause necrosis, making blood vessels fragile and prone to rupture, which leads to bleeding. Conversely, high cholesterol levels can disrupt endothelial function, making blood vessels more susceptible to the formation of microaneurysms. This condition is further aggravated by hypertension, which can cause blood vessels to burst and result in bleeding. Hypertension and total cholesterol levels play a significant role in the incidence of hemorrhagic stroke. Meanwhile, there has been limited research examining the effects of LDL, HDL, and triglyceride levels on hemorrhagic stroke. This study aimed to describe the characteristics, lipid profiles, blood pressure, and bleeding locations of hemorrhagic stroke patients at Waled Hospital during January–May 2024. This research employed an observational descriptive method with a cross-sectional design. The study found that the most common age group affected was the elderly (30%), with no significant difference in frequency between genders. LDL levels were mostly within the normal range (40%), HDL levels were predominantly in the moderate category (50%), triglyceride levels were generally normal (70%), total cholesterol levels were largely normal (63%), and many patients suffered from grade 3 hypertension (60%). The most common bleeding site was the basal ganglia region (50%). In summary, the characteristics of hemorrhagic stroke patients were predominantly elderly, with no significant gender difference. Their lipid profile levels tended to be within normal ranges, many suffered from hypertension, and the bleeding location was most frequently found in the basal ganglia.
Alipio, A. V., & Manalo, G. I. I. I. (2019). Clinical Outcomes of Post-Stroke rTPA Recipients: A Pilot Study. Cerebrovasc Dis, 48, 1.
Alloubani, A., Nimer, R., & Samara, R. (2021). Relationship between hyperlipidemia, cardiovascular disease and stroke: a systematic review. Current Cardiology Reviews, 17(6), 52–66.
Banach, M., Shekoohi, N., Mikhailidis, D. P., Lip, G. Y. H., Hernandez, A. V, & Mazidi, M. (2022). Relationship between low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, lipid-lowering agents and risk of stroke: a meta-analysis of observational studies (n= 355,591) and randomized controlled trials (n= 165,988). Archives of Medical Science: AMS, 18(4), 912.
Boswell, K. (2020). Stroke: ischemic and hemorrhagic. In Emergency Department Critical Care (pp. 359–372). Springer.
De Bhailis, Á. M., & Kalra, P. A. (2022). Hypertension and the kidneys. British Journal of Hospital Medicine, 83(5), 1–11. https://doi.org/10.12968/hmed.2021.0440
Glavinovic, T., Thanassoulis, G., de Graaf, J., Couture, P., Hegele, R. A., & Sniderman, A. D. (2022). Physiological bases for the superiority of apolipoprotein b over low?density lipoprotein cholesterol and non–high?density lipoprotein cholesterol as a marker of cardiovascular risk. Journal of the American Heart Association, 11(20), e025858.
Goldstein, L. B., Toth, P. P., Dearborn-Tomazos, J. L., Giugliano, R. P., Hirsh, B. J., Peña, J. M., Selim, M. H., Woo, D., & American Heart Association Council on Arteriosclerosis, T. and V. B. C. on C. and S. N. C. on P. V. D. and S. C. (2023). Aggressive LDL-C lowering and the brain: impact on risk for dementia and hemorrhagic stroke: a scientific statement from the American Heart Association. Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology, 43(10), e404–e442.
Hari, R., Padhy, B. P., & Kar, M. (2023). Thalamus-The Gateway to Cerebral Cortex. Journal of the Scientific Society, 50(1), 88–96.
Istichomah, & Andika, I. P. J. (2022). Penyuluhan deteksi dini stroke dengan metode FAST pada lansia. https://doi.org/10.30644/JPHI.V4I1.633
Ma, C., Gurol, M. E., Huang, Z., Lichtenstein, A. H., Wang, X., Wang, Y., Neumann, S., Wu, S., & Gao, X. (2019). Low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and risk of intracerebral hemorrhage: a prospective study. Neurology, 93(5), e445–e457.
Marchidann, A. (2023). Basal ganglia hemorrhage. MedLink Neurology. https://www. medlink. com/articles/basalganglia-hemorrhage.
Nemes, K., Åberg, F., Gylling, H., & Isoniemi, H. (2016). Cholesterol metabolism in cholestatic liver disease and liver transplantation: From molecular mechanisms to clinical implications. World Journal of Hepatology, 8(22), 924.
Priambodo, N. F. P., Rambey, K. Z. K., Maharani, A. C., Satyaningrum, D., Nurulyana, N. R., Hidayatullah, G. C. S., Sugianto, M. B. R., & Jaeri, S. (2024). Characteristics of Intracerebral Hemorrhage at Dr. Kariadi General Hospital: A Serial Case. Jurnal Kedokteran Diponegoro (Diponegoro Medical Journal), 13(6).
Safri, A. A. (2022). Differential tractography pipelines study in asymptomatic individuals with cerebral small vessel disease.
Salih, K. J. (2021). The major pathways of lipids (triglyceride and cholesterol) and lipoprotein metabolism. Zanco Journal of Pure and Applied Sciences, 33(4), 61–72.
Schade, D. S., Shey, L., & Eaton, R. P. (2020). Cholesterol review: a metabolically important molecule. Endocrine Practice, 26(12), 1514–1523.
von Eckardstein, A., Nordestgaard, B. G., Remaley, A. T., & Catapano, A. L. (2023). High-density lipoprotein revisited: biological functions and clinical relevance. European Heart Journal, 44(16), 1394–1407.
Wang, Y., Wei, C., Song, Q., Liu, J., Cheng, Y., Li, Y., Wu, B., & Liu, M. (2019). Reduction in the ratio of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol is associated with increased risks of hemorrhagic transformation in patients with acute ischemic stroke. Current Neurovascular Research, 16(3), 266–272.
Watanabe, G., Conching, A., Ogasawara, C., Chavda, V., Bin-Alamer, O., Haider, A. S., Priola, S. M., Sharma, M., Hoz, S. S., & Chaurasia, B. (2023). Bilateral basal ganglia hemorrhage: a systematic review of etiologies, management strategies, and clinical outcomes. Neurosurgical Review, 46(1), 135.
