This study aimed to identify maternal and perinatal factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding and colostrum feeding among mothers of under-five children in rural Indonesia. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted among 210 mothers selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected via structured interviews and analyzed using bivariate and multivariate logistic regression. Independent variables included maternal age, education, occupation, parity, infant and birth characteristics, paternal factors, socio-economic status, household smoking exposure, and environmental sanitation. Results: Multiparity (AOR = 2.27; 95% CI 1.18–4.36) was significantly associated with EBF, while environmental sanitation showed a borderline association (AOR = 3.62; 95% CI 0.99–13.15; p = 0.051). For colostrum feeding, maternal age 25–35 years (AOR = 2.14; 95% CI 1.11–4.12) and higher education (AOR = 2.02; 95% CI 0.99–4.14) were significant predictors. Conclusion: Maternal experience, education, and household environment strongly influence breastfeeding behaviors. Strengthening maternal education and improving household sanitation through integrated community programs could enhance early feeding practices in rural settings.