International Journal of Social Health

The Relationship of Immunization Status with the Incident of Acute Respiratory Infections in Toddler in the Gunungsari Cirebon Health Center Area

Rina Siwi Rahmawati — 2026-04-22

Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) is an acute infection of the respiratory tract caused by microorganisms in the respiratory tract. ARI is often encountered and is the leading cause of death in infants. Immunization is one of the efforts that can reduce the risk of ARI. To determine the relationship between immunization status and the incidence of ARI in infants in the Gunungsari Cirebon Health Center area. This study was an observational study with a cross-sectional design. The sample size was 99, using a consecutive sampling technique. Statistical tests used the Chi-square test. Data collection used medical records to see the diagnosis of ARI and the KMS book to see the immunization status. A total of (57.6%) of the 99 infants were diagnosed with ARI, and (82.8%) of the infants had completed basic ARI immunization. The results of the Chi-square test showed a p-value of 0.083. There is no relationship between immunization status and the incidence of ARI in infants in the Gunungsari Cirebon Health Center area, however, immunization can prevent most deadly influenza-related diseases, which is a strong predictor of death in infants.

Patient Perspectives on HPV DNA Self-Sampling: Acceptability, Barriers, and Willingness for Cervical Cancer Screening

Kristian Alda — 2026-04-28

Cervical cancer remains a major public health problem, especially in low- and middle-income countries where screening coverage is limited. HPV DNA self-sampling has emerged as a potential strategy to improve participation; however, patient acceptance is essential for its successful implementation. This study aimed to evaluate patient perspectives on HPV DNA self-sampling, including acceptability, perceived barriers, cost considerations, and willingness for future screening. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 48 women with abnormal Pap smear results at a tertiary referral hospital. Participants completed a structured questionnaire assessing concerns, ease of use, preferred sampling method, screening barriers, acceptable cost, and willingness for routine testing. Most participants (60.4%) reported no concerns, while 39.6% expressed apprehension, mainly related to fear of pain (20.8%) and uncertainty regarding sample adequacy (14.6%). All participants (100%) found the method easy to use, although 60.4% preferred clinician-based sampling. Major barriers included fear of cancer diagnosis (87.5%) and financial concerns. More than half (54.1%) considered a cost below IDR 300,000 acceptable, and 95.8% were willing to undergo routine screening. HPV DNA self-sampling is highly acceptable and feasible, with strong potential to improve screening uptake.

Relationship Between HbA1c Value and Duration of Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus with the Incidence of Fatty Liver Disease at Waled Cirebon Regional General Hospital

Devika Mariana Agustia — 2026-04-22

Background: Fatty liver disease is defined as the accumulation of fatty acids in the form of triglycerides in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus have a risk approximately 3-5 times greater of developing fatty liver disease. Decreased glucose utilization by body cells caused by type 2 diabetes mellitus causes an increase in fat metabolism, which causes the liver to accumulate fat, leading to fatty liver disease. Aim: To determine the relationship between HbA1c values and the duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosis with the incidence of fatty liver disease at Waled Regional General Hospital, Cirebon. Methods: This study used an observational analytical method with a cross-sectional design. Data were obtained from interviews and medical records. A sample of 33 patients who met the inclusion criteria was obtained using the total sampling technique. The analysis test in this study used Fisher's Exact Test. Results: Most patients had poor HbA1c control (57.6%) and the duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosis with a range of <5 years (54.5%), and as many as 69.7% of patients did not experience fatty liver disease. The bivariate analysis showed a p-value of 0.707 for HbA1c values and fatty liver disease incidence and a p-value of 0.020 for duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosis (PR=4.800; 95% CI=1.196-19.266). Conclusion: This study did not find a relationship between HbA1c values and fatty liver disease incidence, but a significant association was found between the duration of type 2 diabetes mellitus diagnosis and fatty liver disease incidence at Waled Regional General Hospital, Cirebon.