The Effect of Green Human Resource Management and Job Satisfaction on Employee Well-Being with Employee Green Behavior as a Mediator
Main Article Content
This study explores the impact of Green Human Resource Management (GHRM) and job satisfaction on employee well-being, with employee green behavior acting as a mediator. It aims to analyze the direct effects of GHRM and job satisfaction on employee well-being, examine the relationship between these factors and employee green behavior, and assess how employee green behavior mediates these relationships. Using a quantitative approach and Structural Equation Modeling–Partial Least Squares, data were collected from 163 hospital employees through a validated questionnaire. The findings show that GHRM does not directly influence employee well-being, while job satisfaction positively affects it. GHRM and job satisfaction both positively influence employee green behavior, which in turn positively impacts employee well-being. Mediation tests reveal that employee green behavior fully mediates the effect of GHRM on employee well-being and partially mediates the effect of job satisfaction. This indicates that employee well-being is primarily influenced by job satisfaction and engagement in green behaviors, and GHRM practices are effective only when they foster these behaviors.
Keywords:
Green Human Resource Management, Job Satisfaction, Employee Green Behavior
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Abdullah, M. I., Huang, D., Sarfraz, M., Ivascu, L., & Riaz, A. (2021). Effects of internal service quality on nurses’ job satisfaction, commitment and performance: Mediating role of employee well-being. Nursing Open, 8(2), 607–619. Retrived June 11, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.665
Abrar, F., Khan, U. Z., & Zulqarnain, M. (2025). Green human resource management and employee engagement: exploring the link between eco-friendly human resource practices and sustainable workforce commitment. Journal of Business and Management Research, 1, 496–534.
Ahmad, I., & Umrani, W. A. (2019). The impact of ethical leadership style on job satisfaction: mediating role of perception of green human resource management and psychological safety. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 40(5), 534–547. Retrived June 6, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-12-2018-0461
Ahmed, M., Zehou, S., Raza, S. A., Qureshi, M. A., & Yousufi, S. Q. (2020). Impact of csr and environmental triggers on employee green behavior: the mediating effect of employee well-being. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(5), 2225–2239. Retrived June 13, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1960
Athota, V. S., Budhwar, P., & Malik, A. (2020). Influence of personality traits and moral values on employee well-being, resilience and performance: a cross-national study. Applied Psychology, 69(3), 653–685. Retrived June 2, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12198
Bansal, D., Gulati, P., & Pathak, V. N. (2021). Effect of job satisfaction on psychological well-being and perceived stress among government and private employee. Defence Life Science Journal, 6(4), 291–297. Retrived June 10, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.14429/DLSJ.6.16954
Black, W., & Babin, B. J. (2019). Multivariate data analysis: its approach, evolution, and impact. In B. J. Babin & M. Sarstedt (Eds.), The Great Facilitator: Reflections on the Contributions of Joseph F. Hair, Jr. to Marketing and Business Research (pp. 121–130). Springer International Publishing. Retrived June 15, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06031-2_16
Cahyadi, A. (2023). Job satisfaction and performance of employees at small and medium-sized enterprises in Indonesia: The role of going green and technological adaptation after COVID-19 [Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences]. Retrived June 1, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.54598/004190
Cannas, M., Sergi, B. S., Sironi, E., & Mentel, U. (2019). Job satisfaction and subjective well-being in europe. Economics & Sociology, 12(4). Retrived June 3, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.14254/2071
Jabbour, C. J. C., Mauricio, A. L., & Jabbour, A. B. L. de S. (2017). Critical success factors and green supply chain management proactivity: shedding light on the human aspects of this relationship based on cases from the Brazilian industry. Production Planning and Control, 28(6–8), 671–683. Retrived June 11, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2017.1309705
Din, A. U., Yang, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2025). The psychological benefits of green human resource management: A study of employee well-being, engagement, and green behavior in the healthcare sector. Acta Psychologica, 254. Retrived June 4, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104823
Dumont, J., Shen, J., & Deng, X. (2017). Effects of green human resource management: practices on employee workplace green behavior: the role of psychological green climate and employee green values. Human Resource Management, 56(4), 613–627. Retrived June 1, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21792
Esthi, R. B., & Setiawan, I. (2023). Green human resources management of the small and micro-enterprises in Indonesia. Enrichment: Journal of Management, 12(6).
Fawehinmi, O., Yusliza, M. Y., Tanveer, M. I., & Abdullahi, M. S. (2024). Influence of green human resource management on employee green behavior: the sequential mediating effect of perceived behavioral control and attitude toward corporate environmental policy. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 31(3), 2514–2536. Retrived June 7, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2707
Fransiska, A., & Turangan, J. A. (2023). The influence of job satisfaction, leadership and organizational justice on employee well-being. International Journal of Application on Economics and Business, 1(1). Retrived June 4, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.24912/v1i1.232-240
Fransiska, A., Turangan, J. A., & Turangan, J. A. (2023). The influence of job satisfaction, leadership and organizational justice on employee well-being. International Journal of Application on Economics and Business, 1(1), 232–240. Retrived June 11, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.24912/ijaeb.v1i1.232-240
Ghozali, I. (2018). Aplikasi analisis multivariete dengan program IBM SPSS 23. Badan penerbit universitas Diponegoro.
Gyensare, M. A., Adomako, S., & Amankwah-Amoah, J. (2024). Green human resource management practices, employee well-being, and sustainable work behavior: examining the moderating role of resource commitment. Business Strategy and the Environment, 33(4), 3129–3141. Retrived June 4,2025.From https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3642
Hapsari, W. (2019). Adaptasi alat ukur kepuasan kerja untuk tenaga kesehatan di Indonesia. Jurnal PRAXIS |, 2(1).
Hong, N. T., Hieu, L. T., Huong, D. T., & Phuong, T. T. M. (2024). Impact of green human resource management on employees’ green behavior in hotels. Heritage and Sustainable Development, 6(2), 639–656. Retrived June 12, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.37868/hsd.v6i2.673
Hudin, A. M., & Budiani, M. S. (2021). Hubungan antara workplace well-being dengan kinerja karyawan pada pt. x di sidoarjo. Character Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 8(4), 257–267.
Idrus, S. (2024). Green work engagement can moderate the effect of green human resource management variables on employee performance. Ekombis Review: Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 12(3), 3083–3092. Retrived June 8, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.37676/ekombis.v12i3
Ilmi, S. S. E., & Abadiyah, R. (2022). The influence of green transformational leadership, green organizational culture, job satisfaction on employee green behavior at PT. X.
Iqbal, Q., Hassan, S. H., Akhtar, S., & Khan, S. (2018). Employee’s green behavior for environmental sustainability: a case of banking sector in Pakistan. World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, 15(2), 118–130. Retrived June 3, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.1108/wjstsd-08-2017-0025
Kailay, M., & Chhibber, P. (2024). Sustainable human resource management, employee well-being, organizational commitment and job satisfaction of health care professionals: A study on select hospitals. Retrived June 12, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.17624.61441
Kalsum, U., Rivai, F., Maidin, A., et al(2024). Job and personal resources: boosting work engagement and job satisfaction in hospitals. International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS), 13(1), 239. Retrived June 6, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v13i1.23551
Karmoker, K., Kona, F. A., Oyshi, A. H., & Yasmin, K. S. (2021). Effects of green human resource management on employee green behavior: moderating role of employee environmental knowledge. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Policy, 10(2), 64–80. Retrived June 5, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.26.2021.102.64.80
Katz, I. M., Rauvola, R. S., et al(2022). Employee green behavior: A meta-analysis. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 29(5), 1146–1157. Retrived June 1, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2260
Kim, A., Kim, Y., & Han, K. (2019). A cross level investigation on the linkage between job satisfaction and voluntary workplace green behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 159(4), 1199–1214. Retrived June 3, 2025.From https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3776-7
Krisnawati, & Amalia, L. (2023). Pengaruh green human resource management terhadap employee green behaviour dimediasi oleh green organization identity. INNOVATIVE: Journal Of Social Science Research, 3(4). Retrived June 7, 2025. From https://j-innovative.org/index.php/Innovative
Laksana, M. A., Kurniawan, H., & Mas’ud, F. (2024). The effect of employee satisfaction and performance on green work behaviour: a literature review. Research Horizon, 4(6), 127–134.
Li, C., Abredu, P., Kwasi Sampene, A., & Oteng Agyeman, F. (2025). Does green human resource management stimulate employees’ green behavior through a green psychological climate?. SAGE Open, 15(1). Retrived June 14, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241279274
Martínez Falcó, J., Sánchez-García, et al (2024). Green human resource management and green performance in the wine industry: the mediating role of employee well-being. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 33(5), 985–1005. Retrived June 3, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-10-2023-4051
Martínez-Falcó, J., Sánchez-García, E., Marco-Lajara, B., Professor, F., & Millán-Tudela, L. A. (2024). Enhancing employee wellbeing and happiness management in the wine industry: unveiling the role of green human resource management. BMC Psychology, 12(1). Retrived June 13, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01703-y
Murdiono, J., Hamidah, H., & Sariwulan, Rd. T. (2025). Improvement of green behavior and green training on company sustainability mediated by employee engagement. Journal of Management World, 2025(1), 626–634. Retrived June 11, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.53935/jomw.v2024i4.753
Abdelhamied, H. H., Elbaz, A. M., Al-Romeedy, B. S., & Amer, T. M. (2023). Linking green human resource practices and sustainable performance: the mediating role of job satisfaction and green motivation. Sustainability (Switzerland) , 15(6). Retrived June 7, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.3390/su15064835
Abdullah, M. I., Huang, D., Sarfraz, M., Ivascu, L., & Riaz, A. (2021). Effects of internal service quality on nurses’ job satisfaction, commitment and performance: Mediating role of employee well-being. Nursing Open, 8(2), 607–619. Retrived June 11, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.1002/nop2.665
Abrar, F., Khan, U. Z., & Zulqarnain, M. (2025). Green human resource management and employee engagement: exploring the link between eco-friendly human resource practices and sustainable workforce commitment. Journal of Business and Management Research, 1, 496–534.
Ahmad, I., & Umrani, W. A. (2019). The impact of ethical leadership style on job satisfaction: mediating role of perception of green human resource management and psychological safety. Leadership and Organization Development Journal, 40(5), 534–547. Retrived June 6, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.1108/LODJ-12-2018-0461
Ahmed, M., Zehou, S., Raza, S. A., Qureshi, M. A., & Yousufi, S. Q. (2020). Impact of csr and environmental triggers on employee green behavior: the mediating effect of employee well-being. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 27(5), 2225–2239. Retrived June 13, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.1960
Athota, V. S., Budhwar, P., & Malik, A. (2020). Influence of personality traits and moral values on employee well-being, resilience and performance: a cross-national study. Applied Psychology, 69(3), 653–685. Retrived June 2, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.1111/apps.12198
Bansal, D., Gulati, P., & Pathak, V. N. (2021). Effect of job satisfaction on psychological well-being and perceived stress among government and private employee. Defence Life Science Journal, 6(4), 291–297. Retrived June 10, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.14429/DLSJ.6.16954
Black, W., & Babin, B. J. (2019). Multivariate data analysis: its approach, evolution, and impact. In B. J. Babin & M. Sarstedt (Eds.), The Great Facilitator: Reflections on the Contributions of Joseph F. Hair, Jr. to Marketing and Business Research (pp. 121–130). Springer International Publishing. Retrived June 15, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-06031-2_16
Cahyadi, A. (2023). Job satisfaction and performance of employees at small and medium-sized enterprises in Indonesia: The role of going green and technological adaptation after COVID-19 [Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences]. Retrived June 1, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.54598/004190
Cannas, M., Sergi, B. S., Sironi, E., & Mentel, U. (2019). Job satisfaction and subjective well-being in europe. Economics & Sociology, 12(4). Retrived June 3, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.14254/2071
Jabbour, C. J. C., Mauricio, A. L., & Jabbour, A. B. L. de S. (2017). Critical success factors and green supply chain management proactivity: shedding light on the human aspects of this relationship based on cases from the Brazilian industry. Production Planning and Control, 28(6–8), 671–683. Retrived June 11, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2017.1309705
Din, A. U., Yang, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2025). The psychological benefits of green human resource management: A study of employee well-being, engagement, and green behavior in the healthcare sector. Acta Psychologica, 254. Retrived June 4, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2025.104823
Dumont, J., Shen, J., & Deng, X. (2017). Effects of green human resource management: practices on employee workplace green behavior: the role of psychological green climate and employee green values. Human Resource Management, 56(4), 613–627. Retrived June 1, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.1002/hrm.21792
Esthi, R. B., & Setiawan, I. (2023). Green human resources management of the small and micro-enterprises in Indonesia. Enrichment: Journal of Management, 12(6).
Fawehinmi, O., Yusliza, M. Y., Tanveer, M. I., & Abdullahi, M. S. (2024). Influence of green human resource management on employee green behavior: the sequential mediating effect of perceived behavioral control and attitude toward corporate environmental policy. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 31(3), 2514–2536. Retrived June 7, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2707
Fransiska, A., & Turangan, J. A. (2023). The influence of job satisfaction, leadership and organizational justice on employee well-being. International Journal of Application on Economics and Business, 1(1). Retrived June 4, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.24912/v1i1.232-240
Fransiska, A., Turangan, J. A., & Turangan, J. A. (2023). The influence of job satisfaction, leadership and organizational justice on employee well-being. International Journal of Application on Economics and Business, 1(1), 232–240. Retrived June 11, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.24912/ijaeb.v1i1.232-240
Ghozali, I. (2018). Aplikasi analisis multivariete dengan program IBM SPSS 23. Badan penerbit universitas Diponegoro.
Gyensare, M. A., Adomako, S., & Amankwah-Amoah, J. (2024). Green human resource management practices, employee well-being, and sustainable work behavior: examining the moderating role of resource commitment. Business Strategy and the Environment, 33(4), 3129–3141. Retrived June 4,2025.From https://doi.org/10.1002/bse.3642
Hapsari, W. (2019). Adaptasi alat ukur kepuasan kerja untuk tenaga kesehatan di Indonesia. Jurnal PRAXIS |, 2(1).
Hong, N. T., Hieu, L. T., Huong, D. T., & Phuong, T. T. M. (2024). Impact of green human resource management on employees’ green behavior in hotels. Heritage and Sustainable Development, 6(2), 639–656. Retrived June 12, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.37868/hsd.v6i2.673
Hudin, A. M., & Budiani, M. S. (2021). Hubungan antara workplace well-being dengan kinerja karyawan pada pt. x di sidoarjo. Character Jurnal Penelitian Psikologi, 8(4), 257–267.
Idrus, S. (2024). Green work engagement can moderate the effect of green human resource management variables on employee performance. Ekombis Review: Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi Dan Bisnis, 12(3), 3083–3092. Retrived June 8, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.37676/ekombis.v12i3
Ilmi, S. S. E., & Abadiyah, R. (2022). The influence of green transformational leadership, green organizational culture, job satisfaction on employee green behavior at PT. X.
Iqbal, Q., Hassan, S. H., Akhtar, S., & Khan, S. (2018). Employee’s green behavior for environmental sustainability: a case of banking sector in Pakistan. World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, 15(2), 118–130. Retrived June 3, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.1108/wjstsd-08-2017-0025
Kailay, M., & Chhibber, P. (2024). Sustainable human resource management, employee well-being, organizational commitment and job satisfaction of health care professionals: A study on select hospitals. Retrived June 12, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.17624.61441
Kalsum, U., Rivai, F., Maidin, A., et al(2024). Job and personal resources: boosting work engagement and job satisfaction in hospitals. International Journal of Public Health Science (IJPHS), 13(1), 239. Retrived June 6, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.11591/ijphs.v13i1.23551
Karmoker, K., Kona, F. A., Oyshi, A. H., & Yasmin, K. S. (2021). Effects of green human resource management on employee green behavior: moderating role of employee environmental knowledge. International Journal of Sustainable Development & World Policy, 10(2), 64–80. Retrived June 5, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.18488/journal.26.2021.102.64.80
Katz, I. M., Rauvola, R. S., et al(2022). Employee green behavior: A meta-analysis. Corporate Social Responsibility and Environmental Management, 29(5), 1146–1157. Retrived June 1, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.1002/csr.2260
Kim, A., Kim, Y., & Han, K. (2019). A cross level investigation on the linkage between job satisfaction and voluntary workplace green behavior. Journal of Business Ethics, 159(4), 1199–1214. Retrived June 3, 2025.From https://doi.org/10.1007/s10551-018-3776-7
Krisnawati, & Amalia, L. (2023). Pengaruh green human resource management terhadap employee green behaviour dimediasi oleh green organization identity. INNOVATIVE: Journal Of Social Science Research, 3(4). Retrived June 7, 2025. From https://j-innovative.org/index.php/Innovative
Laksana, M. A., Kurniawan, H., & Mas’ud, F. (2024). The effect of employee satisfaction and performance on green work behaviour: a literature review. Research Horizon, 4(6), 127–134.
Li, C., Abredu, P., Kwasi Sampene, A., & Oteng Agyeman, F. (2025). Does green human resource management stimulate employees’ green behavior through a green psychological climate?. SAGE Open, 15(1). Retrived June 14, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.1177/21582440241279274
Martínez Falcó, J., Sánchez-García, et al (2024). Green human resource management and green performance in the wine industry: the mediating role of employee well-being. International Journal of Organizational Analysis, 33(5), 985–1005. Retrived June 3, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.1108/IJOA-10-2023-4051
Martínez-Falcó, J., Sánchez-García, E., Marco-Lajara, B., Professor, F., & Millán-Tudela, L. A. (2024). Enhancing employee wellbeing and happiness management in the wine industry: unveiling the role of green human resource management. BMC Psychology, 12(1). Retrived June 13, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.1186/s40359-024-01703-y
Murdiono, J., Hamidah, H., & Sariwulan, Rd. T. (2025). Improvement of green behavior and green training on company sustainability mediated by employee engagement. Journal of Management World, 2025(1), 626–634. Retrived June 11, 2025. From https://doi.org/10.53935/jomw.v2024i4.753
