Tuberculosis (TB) and nutritional status share a complex, bidirectional relationship, where malnutrition can exacerbate TB progression and TB can worsen nutritional status through increased metabolic demands and nutrient malabsorption. This study aims to investigate the relationship between nutritional status and pulmonary tuberculosis by conducting a literature review. A systematic search was performed using PubMed and Google Scholar databases, resulting in the selection of five relevant articles—four national and one international—published between 2020 and 2024. The selected studies were evaluated for their methodological quality and relevance to the theme. The findings consistently demonstrate a significant association between poor nutritional status and increased TB severity or incidence (e.g., OR: 4.67; CI: 1.75–12.45), emphasizing the role of BMI, Protein-Nutritional Index (PNI), and immune indicators as both risk factors and protective elements. The review highlights that nutritional interventions, such as balanced diets, micronutrient supplementation, and adherence to TB medications, are crucial in managing TB effectively. It also identifies a need for future research focusing on the development and implementation of targeted nutritional programs across different stages of TB, as well as exploring demographic, socioeconomic, and regional variables influencing intervention outcomes. The implications of this research underscore the importance of integrating nutrition-based strategies into TB treatment frameworks to enhance patient recovery and public health effectiveness.