Phenomenological
Method as A Theoretical Basis of Qualitative Methods
Program Studi Doktor Ilmu
Al-Qur’an Dan Tafsir –Universitas PTIQ
Jakarta, Indonesia
Email: gagah_d@yahoo.com
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KEYWORDS |
ABSTRACT |
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Phenomenology, Qualitative Research, Subjective
Experience |
This paper discusses the phenomenological method as a theoretical
basis for qualitative research. Phenomenology, which originates from the
philosophical tradition, emphasizes the importance of understanding
individual subjective experiences of a particular phenomenon or event.
Through this approach, researchers can deepen and understand individual
meanings, perceptions, and interpretations of the reality they experience.
This paper explains the basic concepts of phenomenology, contributions from
leading philosophers such as Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, and Jean-Paul
Sartre, and how phenomenological principles are applied in qualitative
research. Apart from that, this paper also reviews the advantages and
disadvantages of the phenomenological method in the context of qualitative
research and provides examples of its practical application in various fields
of study. It is hoped that through this paper, readers can gain a deep
understanding of the relevance and significance of phenomenology in qualitative
research |
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DOI:
10.58860/ijsh.v3i9.238 |
|
Corresponding
Author: Gagah Daruhadi*
Email: gagah_d@yahoo.com
INTRODUCTION
In the world
of research, there are various methods that can be used by researchers to
explore information and understand a phenomenon
Phenomenology,
with its strong philosophical roots, offers a unique framework for
understanding and interpreting the human experience
This paper
aims to provide an in-depth understanding of phenomenological methods as a
theoretical foundation in qualitative research. In particular, this paper will
explain the basic concepts and principles of phenomenology, the contributions
and views of leading philosophers who contributed to the development of
phenomenology, how phenomenology is applied in the context of qualitative
research, and its relevance in understanding the human experience
In this study,
several previous studies are an important foundation, as proposed by Creswell
For example,
previous studies have tended to focus on subjective experiences in general
without considering specific variables that might affect the results of
research in different settings. Therefore, this study aims to bridge this gap
by examining subjective experiences in a more specific context, namely (mention
special context), which has not been widely studied. Thus, this research not
only strengthens the understanding of phenomenology but also makes new
contributions related to its application in more specific environments. Through
this approach, research is expected to enrich the existing literature by
providing new perspectives and opening up further research avenues related to
phenomenology in various cultural contexts
METHOD
The approach
used in this study is qualitative-descriptive research. Qualitative research is
said to be a series of research that is able to produce data in the form of
descriptive words, both written and oral, from observable objects or human behaviors
Qualitative
research is a type of research based on the philosophy of postpositivism, which
is used to research the condition of natural objects that are the opposite of
experiments, and the researcher is the key instrument
This type of
qualitative research includes library research. Therefore, the data source that
the researcher refers to is literature taken from written sources such as
books, journals, theses, theses, official documents, and others. The sources of
research are various primary, secondary, and tertiary documents. In this study,
there are three categories of data sources, namely primary and secondary data
sources.
Data sources
come from documents that can complement primary and secondary data, such as
dictionaries, encyclopedias, and cumulative indexes. Apart from some of the
literature mentioned above, as support, researchers also refer to various
scientific articles, official documents, and the Internet
Bogdan &
Biklen explained that data analysis is a series of data analysis activities
that are carried out regularly and neatly arranged to find and compile data
obtained previously through data collection and other sources that can be
understood. Then, the results of the data analysis can be shared with others.
The data
analysis technique used in this study is content analysis. Fraenkel and Wallen
define content analysis as a way of conducting research that focuses on the actual
content and internal features of the media. This technique can be used by
researchers to study human behaviour indirectly through the analysis of their
communication, such as textbooks, essays, newspapers, novels, magazine
articles, songs, advertising images and all types of communication that can be
analyzed
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
In the results
of the research and the results of the discussion, qualitative research
theories will be presented, the meaning of phenomenology will be seen from the
historical perspective of the emergence of phenomenological studies in
scientific studies, the basic principles of phenomenology from several
scientists will be examined whether phenology can be used as a theoretical
basis for qualitative research and will be given examples of its application in
several research journals that discuss qualitative research methods with using
a phenomenological approach.
Qualitative Research
Research
methodology is a research strategy that drives basic philosophical assumptions
in research design and data collection. The choice of research method has an
effect on the way the researcher takes to collect data
Qualitative
research is scientific research that aims to understand a phenomenon in a
social context in nature by prioritizing the process of in-depth communication
interaction between researchers and the phenomenon being studied
Sugiyono
explained the skin-based research method is research based on the philosophy of
postpositivism, used to research on natural object conditions (as opposed to
experiments) where the researcher is the key instrument, sampling data sources
is carried out purposively and snowball. The collection technique by
triangulation (combined), and data analysis is inductive/qualitative, and the
results of qualitative research emphasize meaning rather than generalization
In qualitative
methods or approaches, the social and human sciences offer several traditions.
This tradition is in the types of data collection, data analysis, and writing
research reports or overall designs that include all stages in the research
process. Provides several examples of design in a qualitative approach,
including designs discussed in human ethology, ecological psychology, holistic
ethnography, cognitive anthropology, ethnography of communication and symbolic
interactionism. Qualitative approaches are also categorized into interpretive
approaches, artistic approaches, systematic approaches and theory-driven
approaches. Tesch identified 20 types and categories aimed at the
characteristics of language, the discovery of regularities, the comprehension
of meaning and reflection, noted qualitative research with anthropological
perspective, sociological perspective, biological perspectives, the case study,
personal account, cognitive studies, and historical inquiry.
Creswell gave
examples of four designs he found in social and human sciences research, namely
ethnographic, Grounded Theory, Case Study, and Phenomenological studies.
Meanwhile, according to Myers
Phenomenology
It will be discussed related to a Brief
Historical Background of Phenomenology, the opinions of the early philosophers
Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger and Jan-paul Sartre, the analysis of the
meaning of Phenomenological Research, which is also related to the definition
of Phenomenological Research as a theoretical basis for qualitative research is
given examples of its application in previous research journal, along with an
abstract summary of the discussion, so that it can be used as an example of
cool use in the title this research.
A. Historical
Background of Phenomenology where initially
The term
phenomenology was introduced by J.H. Lambert in 1764 to refer to the Theory of
Truth (Bagus, 2002, p. 234). After that, this term was expanded in its meaning.
According to Kockelmans (1967, in Moustakas 1994:26), phenomenology was used in
philosophy in 1765, which is sometimes found in the works of Immanuel Kant,
which were well defined and constructed as technically meaningful by Hegel.
According to Hegel, phenomenology is concerned with the knowledge that arises
in consciousness, the science that describes what a person understands in his
consciousness and experience.
Phenomenology
was intensely initiated as the first study of philosophy by Edmund Husserl
(1859-1938), so Husserl is often regarded as the Father of Phenomenology. His
philosophy was very popular around the 1950s. The main purpose of this
philosophy is to provide a foundation for philosophy to function as a pure and
autonomous science (Kuper and Kuper, ed., 1996:749). At the beginning of its
development, phenomenology was a set of approaches in philosophical and
sociological studies, as well as the study of art (Edgar & Sedgwick, 1999,
p. 271)
Husserl's
emergence of phenomenology was based on the reality of a scientific crisis. In
this crisis, science cannot give any advice to humans. Science is separated
from the practice of daily life. This, according to Husserl, is that the
concept of true theory has been largely forgotten by many advanced disciplines
in today's scientific culture. In this regard, Husserl makes the following
criticisms of science:
Science has
fallen into objectivism, which is a way of viewing the world as an arrangement
of objective facts with inevitable relationships
Human
consciousness or subject is swallowed up by these objectivistic interpretations
because science does not at all cleanse itself from the interests of the world
of daily life. The theory that results from the pursuit of knowledge from these
interests is the true theory that the Western tradition of thought understands
B. Philosophers
Philosophers of Phenomenology
Phenomenology
is one approach in qualitative research that focuses on individuals' subjective
life experiences and how they understand and give meaning to those experiences
1) Edmund
Husserl: founder of phenomenology
Background:
Edmund Husserl (1859-1938) is considered the founder of phenomenology. He was
initially trained as a mathematician before turning to philosophy. Key
concepts:
a) Epoché:
husserl introduced the concept of "epoché" or "suspension",
in which a person suspends or withholds all judgments and assumptions in order
to be able to see phenomena as they are.
b) Intentionality:
Husserl argues that consciousness always has an object; there is always a
relationship between the subject and the object. This is known as the concept
of "intentionality".
c) Phenomenological
reduction: the process by which a phenomenon is reduced to its essence,
eliminating everything irrelevant to understanding the true meaning of the
phenomenon.
2) Martin
heidegger: phenomenology and dasein
Background: Martin Heidegger (1889-1976) was a pupil of Husserl, who then
developed a different phenomenology with a focus on the concept of
"dasein" or "being". Key concepts:
a) Dasein:
For Heidegger, man is not just a subject who understands objects but entities
that "exist-in-the world". He introduced the concept of
"dasein" to describe this unique human existence
b) Authenticity:
heidegger emphasizes the importance of living in an authentic way, in which a
person acknowledges and accepts the reality of his existence.
c) Sein-zum-tode
(being-towards-death): the acceptance of death as an integral part of
existence, which helps a person live in a more authentic way.
3) Jan-Paul
Sartre: phenomenology and existentialism
Background:
Jean-Paul Sartre (1905-1980) was a French philosopher who combined
phenomenology with existentialism, emphasizing individual freedom, choice, and
responsibility. Key concepts:
a) Freedom:
For Sartre, freedom is the essence of human existence. Humans are always free
to choose, although this also means that they must be responsible for their
choices.
b) Man
is condemned to be free: although freedom is a human right, it is also a curse
because it carries great responsibility
c) Mauvais
foi (bad faith): When a person denies his freedom and responsibility, he or she
lives in "bad faith" or dishonesty towards himself.
We have
explored the contributions and views of the three main philosophers who
contributed to the development of phenomenology. Although they have different
approaches and focuses, they all emphasize the importance of understanding the
human experience from a subjective perspective.
4) Patricia
Benner: Known for her nursing, Benner uses phenomenology to understand nursing
practice and how nurses develop their skills. He emphasized the importance of
"tacit knowledge" or unspoken knowledge in daily practice.
There are several other philosophers who are interested in phenomenology,
including Max van Manen: Clark Moustakas, Maurice Merleau-Ponty, Annemarie Mol Qualitative
phenomenological research has made important contributions in various fields of
science, from philosophy to the social sciences, due to its ability to deepen
the understanding of human experience. This approach emphasizes listening to
and understanding individual voices in order to understand the world from their
perspective.
C. Phenomenological
Definition
Phenomenology, as the name implies, is the science (logos) of something
that appears (phenomenon). Thus, every research or every work that discusses
the way of the appearance of anything is a phenomenology. Phenomenology is the
study of knowledge that comes from consciousness or how to understand an object
or event by experiencing it consciously
Phenomenology is a philosophical approach that investigates human
experience. Phenomenology means a method of thinking to acquire new knowledge
or develop existing knowledge with logical, systematic and critical steps, not
based on a priori / prejudice and not dogmatic
Phenomenology is a method that is used not only in philosophy but also in
social sciences and education. For Brouwer, however, phenomenology is not a
science but a way of looking at things. In phenomenology, there are no
theories, hypotheses, or systems.
Phenomenology is part of qualitative methodology, but it contains
historical value in its development.
According to Hegel, phenomenology refers to experience as it arises in
consciousness, he explained that phenomenology is the science of describing
what a person receives, feels and knows in his immediate consciousness and
experience. And what arises from consciousness is called a phenomenon.
Phenomenology is a research method that describes the meaning of life
experience for several individuals, a concept or phenomenon, and explores the
structure of consciousness in human experience
Phenomenological studies seek answers about the meaning of a phenomenon.
Basically, there are two main things that are the focus of phenomenological
research, namely:
1) Textural
description: what the subject of the study experiences about a phenomenon. What
is experienced is an objective aspect, data that is factual in nature, things
that happen empirically.
2) Structural
description: how the subject experiences and interprets his experience. This
description contains a subjective aspect. This aspect concerns the opinions,
assessments, feelings, expectations, and other subjective responses of the
research subject related to his or her experience.
Thus, research questions in phenomenological studies include the
following questions:
1) What
is the subject's experience of a phenomenon/event?
2) How
did he feel about the experience?
3) What
meaning is obtained from the subject of the phenomenon?
Phenomenology has four characteristics: descriptive, reduction, essence
and intentionality. As Tom Donoghue and Keith Punch Ed put it." … 'the
phenomenological method', which consists of four key qualities (i.e.
description, reduction, essence and intentionality) common to all types of
phenomenology."
Several basic principles underlie the phenomenological approach,
including:
1) Consciousness:
phenomenology emphasizes the importance of subjective awareness and experience.
Every phenomenon exists only to the extent that it appears in the consciousness
of the individual.
2) Intentionality:
One of the key concepts in phenomenology is "intentionality ", which
refers to the idea that consciousness is always about something. This means
that we are always aware of something, be it an object, a person, an idea, or a
feeling.
3) Epoché:
It is the process by which the researcher or philosopher suspends or withholds
all their judgments, assumptions and preconceptions about the world in order to
be able to see phenomena as they are
4) Phenomenological
reduction: It is an analytical process in which the essence of a particular
phenomenon is identified, ignoring irrelevant or unimportant aspects.
By understanding these basic principles, one can approach phenomena with
an open mind and without prejudice, allowing for a deeper and more authentic
understanding of the human experience. The characteristics of the phenomenology
are described as follows:
1) Description
The purpose of phenomenology is to describe a phenomenon, not to explain
it. Phenomena includes anything that arises, such as emotions, thoughts, and
human actions
2) Reduction
Reduction is a process in which assumptions and prejudices about
phenomena are postponed in bracketing to ensure that prejudices do not pollute
the description of observations and that the description forms as the things
themselves
3) Essence
Essence is the core meaning of an individual's experience in a particular
phenomenon as it is. The search for essence, essential themes, or essential
relationships in phenomena, as they are, involves the exploration of phenomena
by using the process of free imagination, intuition, and reflection to
determine whether a particular characteristic is an important essence
4) Intentionality
According to Husserl, intentionality refers to the correlation between
noema and noesis that directs the interpretation of experience. Noema is an
objective statement of behaviour or experience as reality, while noesis is a
subjective reflection (consciousness) of such an objective statement.
In this view, reality is what it is, and we have no idea of reality
(objective statement). He calls intentionality the interrelationship between
consciousness and reality. For example, we are worried about something, we
cherish something, we are proud of something. We don't know
"something", we know because we are aware of it and even aware of
imaginary objects.
Phenomenological research focuses on something experienced in an
individual's consciousness, referred to as intentionality. Intentionality
describes the relationship between the process that occurs in consciousness and
the object that is concerned with that process. In phenomenological terms,
experience or consciousness is always an awareness of something; seeing is
seeing something, remembering is remembering something, and judging is judging
something. Something is an object of consciousness that has been stimulated by
the perception of a "real" object or through the act of remembering
or inventiveness. Intentionality is not
only related to the purpose of human action but is also a basic character of
the mind itself. The mind is never a thought itself, but it is always a thought
over something. The mind always has an object. The same goes for consciousness.
Intentionality is the directedness of consciousness. Intentionality is also the directness of
action, which is an action aimed at one object.
Carpenter tries to provide structured steps that are easy to follow while
still using Husserl's phenomenology. These steps include:
1) Determine
the phenomenon to be researched and the role of the researcher in the research.
Furthermore, the role of the researcher must also be clear. According to
Husserl's philosophy of phenomenology, a researcher is someone who is able to
transform data from participants into a pure and complete picture of the phenomenon.
2) Data
collection: The data collection process includes selecting participants or
samples and determining data collection methods. In general, phenomenology uses
a purposeful sampling technique, where everyone who has experience with the
phenomenon being studied has the right to become a participant. The data
collection technique that is often used is interviews. The interviews can be
open or semi-structured. The interview process is recorded and generally
conducted more than once to complete or validate the necessary data.
3) Data
treatment and analysis: Data analysis is preceded by a process of transcribing
the results of the interview verbatim or as they are. Each transcript is
identified, checked for accuracy, and analyzed. There are various analysis
procedures that are considered suitable and appropriate, such as the Colaizzi
method which includes reading transcripts repeatedly to be able to integrate
with the data, extracting specific statements, formulating the meaning of
specific statements, formulating themes and thematic clusters, formulating a complete
description of the phenomenon and validating the complete description by
providing a description to the participants.
4) Literature
study, after the data analysis process is completed, the researcher conducts an
in-depth literature study to find out the relationship and position of the
research results to the existing research results.
5) Maintaining
the correctness of research results, as well as quantitative research,
qualitative research also requires validity and reliability. In qualitative
research, in general, validity and reliability are known as credibility, audibility,
and fittingness.
6) Ethical
considerations, ethical considerations that must be considered include
providing information about the nature of the research, voluntary
participation, permission to record interviews, confidentiality of participant
identities both in recordings, transcripts, and in full descriptions.
Moustakas identified five stages in phenomenological data analysis, as
follows:
a) List
the expressions of the participant's answers or responses by delaying the
researcher's prejudice (bracketing) to allow the expressions to appear as they
are. Each expression of the participant's life experience is treated equally
(horizonalization).
b) Reduction
and elimination of expressionsThese expressions refer to the question: whether
the expression is the essence of the participant experience and whether the
expressions can be grouped to be labeled and themed. Expressions of vague expressions,
repetition and overlap are reduced and eliminated. Then, meaningful expressions
are labeled and themes.
c) Create
clusters and write themes for expressions that are consistent, unchanged and
show similarities. The clustering and labelling of these expressions are the
core themes of the participants' life experiences.
d) Validate
the expressions and label the expressions and themes by (1) whether the
expression is explicitly present in the interview transcript or participant's
diary; (2) if the expressions are not explicit, whether they "work
together without conflict or compatible".
If it is not compatible and explicit with the participant's life
experience, then these expressions are discarded.
e) Create
an Individual Textural Description (ITD).
ITD is made by presenting validated expressions in accordance with the
themes complemented by verbatim quotes, interview results and/or participant diaries.
Phenomenology as a
Theoretical Basis for Qualitative Methods
a. Phenomenological
Differences with Other Qualitative Methods
Although
phenomenology is one approach in qualitative research, it has unique
characteristics that set it apart from other qualitative methods:
1) Focus
on Subjective Experience: Phenomenology emphasizes a deep understanding of how
individuals experience and understand the world around them.
2) Suspension
of Prejudice: Through the process of "epoché" phenomenology requires
researchers to suspend their assumptions and prejudices in order to see
phenomena as they are.
3) The
Quest for Essence: The main goal of phenomenology is to discover the essence or
basic meaning of an experience.
b. Phenomenological
Research Process
In applying
phenomenology as a research method, there are several specific steps that must
be followed:
1) Phenomena
Selection: The researcher must choose a specific phenomenon that he or she
wants to understand from an individual's perspective.
2) Data
Collection: Data is typically collected through in-depth interviews,
observations, or personal reflections.
3) Data
Analysis: Researchers look for themes or patterns that emerge from the data to
find the essence of the experience.
4) Presentation
of Findings: The results of the analysis are then presented in a descriptive
form, emphasizing the meaning and essence of the experience
c. Advantages
and Disadvantages of Phenomenology in Qualitative Research Excess:
1) Depth
of Understanding: Phenomenology allows researchers to gain a deep and rich
understanding of an individual's experience.
2) Flexibility:
Not bound by rigid structures or methods, allowing researchers to explore
phenomena from various perspectives.
3) Uncovering
Hidden Meanings: Can uncover meanings and perceptions that may not be
accessible through other research methods.
Deficiency:
1) Time
and Energy: The process of interviewing and analyzing data in phenomenological
research can be very time-consuming and requires a lot of energy.
2) Subjectivity:
Due to the focus on subjective experience, research results may be highly
individualistic and may be difficult to generalize.
3) Specific
Skills: Requires specific skills in interviews and data analysis to ensure
integrity and depth of understanding.
In this
regard, we have explored how phenomenology serves as a theoretical foundation
in qualitative research, as well as the advantages and disadvantages of this
approach. Phenomenology offers a unique way to understand the human experience,
making it a valuable tool in various fields of research.
d. Phenomenological
Methods as a Theoretical Basis for Qualitative Methods
a) According
to research design, John W. Cresswell
John W.
Creswell is one of the leading figures in qualitative research. In his work, he
discusses various approaches to qualitative methods, including phenomenology.
The following is an explanation of the phenomenological method as the
theoretical basis of the qualitative method according to John W. Creswell:
1) Phenomenology
Definition: According to Creswell, phenomenology is a research approach that
focuses on the shared experience by several individuals regarding a particular
concept or phenomenon. The goal is to dig deeper into meaning and gain a more
essential understanding of the experience.
2) The
Importance of Going Back to Experience: Creswell emphasizes the importance of
"going back to things themselves". Researchers should approach the
phenomenon with an open mind, free from previous assumptions, and strive to
understand the essence of the experience.
3) Research
Process: Creswell suggests that researchers collect data through in-depth
interviews. In this interview, participants were asked to describe their
experiences regarding the phenomenon being studied. After the data was
collected, the researcher then analyzed and identified the themes or patterns
that emerged from the participants' stories.
4) Epoché:
Just like some other phenomenologists, Creswell also emphasizes the importance
of "epoché" or suspension of judgment. Researchers must postpone or
hold back all previous judgments and assumptions about the phenomenon being
studied in order to understand it purely.
5) Theme
Development: After collecting and analyzing the data, the researcher then
develops themes that emerge from the data. These themes should reflect the
essence of the experiences told by the participants.
6) Essential
Description: The end of phenomenological research is an essential description
of the phenomenon being studied. This description reflects the profound meaning
of the experience and provides a deeper understanding of the phenomenon.
In Creswell's
view, phenomenology is one of the approaches in qualitative research that
allows researchers to explore and understand the meaning of individual
experiences. He sees phenomenology as a powerful tool to explore meaning and a
deeper understanding of the human social world.
b) Phenomenological
Methods as a Theoretical Basis for Qualitative Methods according to Prof. Lexy J
Moleong's Qualitative Research Methodology Book
Prof. Lexy J.
Moleong is a well-known expert in the field of qualitative research methodology
in Indonesia. In his book entitled "Qualitative Research
Methodology", he provides an in-depth explanation of various approaches in
qualitative research, including phenomenology. The following is an explanation
of the phenomenological method as the theoretical basis of the qualitative
method according to Prof. Lexy J. Moleong:
1) Definition
of Phenomenology: According to Moleong, phenomenology is the study of
phenomena, that is, about what appears in human consciousness. These phenomena
can be events, situations, experiences, or concepts experienced by individuals.
2) Phenomenological
Meaning: In a phenomenological approach, what matters is how individuals give
meaning to the experiences they experience. Phenomenology aims to reveal this
meaning in depth.
3) Basic
Approach: Moleong emphasizes that in phenomenology, the researcher must return
to "the thing itself", meaning that the researcher must focus on the phenomenon
4) Research
Process: Data in phenomenological research are obtained through in-depth
interviews, observations, and documentation. In-depth interviews are typically
used to delve into an individual's subjective experience regarding the
phenomenon being studied.
5) Data
Analysis: Once the data is collected, the next step is data analysis. In
phenomenology, data analysis is carried out by identifying the essence of the
experiences told by participants. From this essence, the researcher then
develops a theme or pattern that emerges from the data.
6) Research
Results: The results of phenomenological research are in-depth descriptions of
the phenomena being studied. This description reflects the individual's
subjective meaning and understanding of the phenomenon.
In Prof. Lexy
J. Moleong's view, phenomenology is the right approach to explore and
understand the subjective experiences of individuals. He emphasized the
importance of an empathetic and value-free approach in conducting
phenomenological research, so that researchers can understand phenomena
according to the participant's perspective.
c) Phenomenological
methods as the theoretical basis of qualitative methods according to the book
Qualitative Research Methodology in his book Educational Research Methods
Quantitative, Qualitative and R&D Approaches Prof. Dr. Sugiyono
Prof. Dr.
Sugiyono is an educational figure in Indonesia who is known for his books on
research methodology, especially in the context of education. In his book
"Educational Research Methods Quantitative, Qualitative and R&D
Approaches", Sugiyono discusses various research methods, including
phenomenology in a qualitative context. The following is an explanation of the
phenomenological method as the theoretical basis of the qualitative method
according to Prof. Dr. Sugiyono:
1) Definition
of Phenomenology: Sugiyono defines phenomenology as the study that focuses on
awareness of certain phenomena experienced by the subject. The goal is to get
an in-depth description of the phenomenon based on the subject's perspective.
2) Research
Focus: In phenomenological research, the focus is on the subjective life
experiences of the individual. Sugiyono emphasized the importance of
understanding how subjects perceive, interpret, and give meaning to the
phenomena they experience.
3) Data
Collection Process: Data is obtained through in-depth interviews, observations,
and field notes. In the interview, the researcher asked the subjects about
their experiences related to the phenomenon being studied to get an in-depth
description.
4) Data
Analysis: Once the data is collected, the next process is data analysis.
Sugiyono suggested data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions.
During the analysis process, researchers must continuously refer back to the
original data to ensure their interpretation is accurate.
5) Research
Outcomes: The results of phenomenological research are in-depth descriptions of
the phenomena being studied from the subject's perspective. This description
aims to uncover the essence of the subject's experience.
D. Application of Phenomenology in Qualitative Research
a.
Case Study: Application of
Phenomenology in Educational Research
Dissertation
of Mrs. Eneng Humaero Examiner Prof. Dr. Ahmad Thib Raya, MA., UIN Jakarta. The
dissertation presented by Eneng Humeeroh is Policy Analysis of Islamic
Religious Education in Public Universities, one of the examiners is Prof. Dr.
Ahmad Thib Raya, MA, at UIN Jakarta
In his
research on Islamic Religious Education Policy in Public Universities,
Promovenda Eneng Humaeroh saw that. The implementation of PAI in public
universities has a deep substance, but its implementation is encouraged to meet
the mandatory requirements, and it is mandatory to pass. Second, as a
compulsory course, PAI cannot be replaced, but the fact is that there are
campuses that do not implement it. Third, the learning material is still
textual, and the learning model is classic. Fourth, the a
lack of lecturers teaching PAI courses who have qualifications in accordance
with applicable regulations. Fifth, PAI has not been able to integrate its
important role in the PTU curriculum.
This
research aims to: First analyze to find factors that are obstacles to the
implementation of the policy so that the perception of the implementation of
Islamic religious education is not formalistic but can become the foundation of
character education through substantial learning
Data
collection was obtained by means of observation, interviews, and documentation
using data sources from the Director of PAI of the Ministry of Religion of the
Republic of Indonesia and two leaders of public universities, plus two
additional pieces of information.
The
findings obtained in this study are that the management of Islamic religious
education is not optimal, because it is caused by the non-communication of
Government Regulation Number 55 of 2007 so that it has an impact on the minimal
implications of PAI policies in public universities and causes the birth of
policies that can be contradictory to each other.
Based on
these findings, a conclusion from two theories is presented that reveals the
need to improve the implementation of PAI regulations in the future.
b.
Case Study: Application of
Phenomenology in Psychological Research
1)
HIV Sufferers
In the field of psychology,
phenomenology is often used to understand an individual's deep experiences,
such as dealing with trauma, chronic illness, or major life changes. For
example, research may focus on the experiences of individuals who have recently
been diagnosed with HIV. Through in-depth interviews, researchers were able to
understand how the diagnosis affected individuals' perceptions of life, death,
relationships, and themselves.
This research is qualitative
research with a phenomenological perspective. The study of phenomenology is a
viewpoint that focuses on individual experiences and interpretations of the
world. Phenomenology is also interpreted as a method of finding psychological
meanings that form symptoms through investigation and analysis of examples of
symptoms experienced by participants.
The focus of this research is
to understand and describe the psychological dynamics of life experiences for
people with HIV/AIDS. The psychological dynamics in question are the period
before being diagnosed with HIV/AIDS, the period at the time of diagnosis, the
post-diagnosis period, and the period when experiencing discrimination from the
surrounding environment.
Participants in this study
are people with HIV/AIDS who are selected based on criteria that have been determined
according to the purpose of the study. These criteria are: (1) people with
HIV/AIDS, (2) in the early adulthood category, and (3) individuals who are
willing to be the subject of the study
The three participants in
this study experienced different treatments in the process of raising their
families. According to Diana Baumrind, there are several patterns or styles of
parenting in the family, namely authoritarian parenting, authoritative
parenting, neglectful parenting, and pampering parenting. The three participants
each experienced authoritarian parenting patterns, neglectful parenting
patterns, and taxing parenting patterns in childhood
The origin of the disease in
these three participants was also different. Some contracted HIV/AIDS from
their spouse (husband), who was indeed a drug addict. Meanwhile, the other
participant contracted HIV/AIDS because he used drugs. It is well known that
the transmission of this disease can occur through syringes (drugs or when
injecting drugs using non-sterile needles), sexual intercourse, and through
breast milk
The three participants also
experienced stigma and discrimination in their surroundings differently. The
first person (A) experienced unpleasant treatment from his extended family. A's
extended family does not want to visit or interact with A's family.
The second participant (B)
experienced almost similar treatment. In the family, B's cutlery is separated
from his family. Not only the family but the work environment B (health centre)
also does the same. There were several colleagues who yelled and scolded him
while carrying out his work.
The third participant (C)
experienced different stigma and discrimination. She had to find out that her
son was also infected with HIV/AIDS until he died. His psychological burden is
getting heavier because he also no longer has physical strength because he has
to lie down because of his pain.
The burden of life from
psychological pressure and worsening physical conditions made these three
participants have different views on the meaning of life
2)
Hospital Patients and Nurses.
To give a more real picture, I will try to present an example of
research entitled "The Essential Structure of a Caring Interaction: Doing
Phenomenology" conducted by Doris J. Riemen (in Creswell, 1998:271-295).
This study tries to understand the phenomenon of patient care carried out by
nurses in hospitals. In the introduction, the researcher explained the meaning
of treatment and explained that there is still a lack of research on treatment.
In problem identification/problem statement, the researcher asks
the main question in his research: From the patient's point of view, what is
the important structure of the nurse-patient care interaction? Descriptively,
he also explained the purpose of this researcher. In addition, the researcher
also provides justification for the importance of research in this field, which
is supported by several testimonials.
In the theoretical review, the researcher pointed out several
relevant phenomenological principles, namely Martin Buber's views on the
concept of I-thou relationship and I-it relationship; and Gabriel Marcel on the
concept of
intersubjectivity. In this section, it is also explained how the phenomena that
will be studied in the lens of phenomenology.
In the methodology section, the researcher explained the key
concepts in his research. Next, he submitted a review of relevant previous
research results. Data collection was carried out by conducting interviews with
the recorded patients and by asking permission in advance from the patient
concerned. At this time, patients are asked: (1) to describe the experience of
interaction with a particular nurse that is seen as an "act of care";
(2) to explain how the patient feels in the interaction; (3) to describe the
experience of interaction with a particular nurse that is seen as "not an
act of care"; (4) explain how the patient feels in the interaction; (5)
explain as fully as possible what is being discussed, without stopping. In this
section, the stages of data analysis using the methodology developed by
Colaizzi are also explained.
Example: One of Statements 9-13 comes from the following
transcription: "The situation I found was, the nurse listened and showed
great interest. It shows concern for my illness, as well as for me as a human
being and an individual. He sat on the edge of my bed, which I thought was
good. I love that kind of closeness. He talked to me, he held my hand, and he
asked me a number of questions, which really let me know that he was really
listening to me. There's a difference between ringing something and listening,
and when I talk to him, he'll look me straight in the face. He seemed very
understanding. He didn't sympathize with me, but I could feel empathy between
the two of us, holding my hand and sitting on the edge of the bed. He even
expressed some of his own insecurities."
The following phrases from the transcription are some duplications
of the important statements from the previous transcription and are therefore
not repeated in the final list of important statements: listened to duplication
of number 1 (listened – really listened); like me as a human being is a
duplicate of the number 8; The empathy between the two of us is a duplicate of
number 2 (empathetic).
The data of this study is then shown to the patients who are
informants to be asked for their opinions, whether it is in accordance with the
reality they are experiencing or not. In the discussion section, the researcher
reflects by relating the results of the research findings to phenomenological
principles. In the conclusion and implications section, the researcher proposes
conclusions and implications for nursing education, nursing research, nursing
practice, and nursing theory.
Linking the Findings to Hypotheses: Revisit the hypotheses or
research questions posed earlier in the study. For each key result, clarify
whether it supports or refutes the hypotheses.
1)
If the study hypothesizes
that "phenomenology provides deeper insights into subjective
experiences," and the results confirm this through participant narratives,
explicitly state that the hypothesis is supported by the data.
2)
If the hypothesis suggests
"Phenomenology is not suitable for certain types of data analysis,"
but the findings contradict this, discuss how the data refutes the hypothesis
and why.
Explanation of the Results: After presenting the
findings, explain why the data supports or challenges the hypothesis. For
instance, if a certain phenomenological concept resonated strongly with
participants, explain how this finding aligns with or diverges from existing
theories or previous studies.
Discussion of Limitations and Variances:
Address any limitations of the results in relation to the hypothesis. If some
data did not fully support the hypothesis, offer possible reasons such as
methodological constraints or context-specific factors.
Broader Implications: Relate your findings to the
broader literature and the theoretical framework. Highlight how your results
contribute to or challenge existing knowledge in the field.
CONCLUSION
From the
discussion in this paper, several important points can be concluded: Basic
Concepts: Phenomenology focuses on subjective experiences and how individuals
understand and give meaning to those experiences. Key concepts such as
"epoché", "intentionality", and "phenomenological
reduction" are at the core of this approach. Philosophers' Contributions:
Philosophers such as Edmund Husserl, Martin Heidegger, and Jean-Paul Sartre
have made significant contributions to the development of phenomenology,
providing a theoretical and methodological framework for understanding the
human experience. Application in Qualitative Research: Phenomenology has been
applied in various fields of research, including psychology, education,
sociology, and more. Through this approach, researchers can delve into
individual experiences and understand the underlying meaning. Advantages and
Challenges: While phenomenology offers a unique depth of understanding, this
approach also comes with certain challenges, such as the need for specialized
training in interviews and data analysis.
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